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发表于 2012-11-22 20:37:30
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第四节 骨髓移植后复发的防治
根据BMT时原发病种及疾病状态的不同,Allo-BMT后白血病的复发率自10%至70%不等。Syn-BMT和ABMT后的复发率更高。在Allo-BMT中,虽然复发也可来自供者细胞的恶变,但绝大多数复发来自患者体内经过预处理的少量残存的瘤细胞。复发直接影响BMT的远期疗效,故如何减少复发及复发后的治疗一直是人们关注的问题。
一、 化疗
利用加大预处理的放/化疗剂量减少复发。目前所用的清髓性预处理的剂量已达极限,再加大剂量已不可能。有人研究增敏剂或耐药逆转剂增强预处理对瘤细胞的杀伤作用,但这些方法目前尚无肯定的结果。移植后急性白血病一旦复发,可用化疗再次诱导缓解,但即使达到CR,也很难持久。慢性期的CML复发后可用干扰素治疗,有效率约45%,但也达不到根治目的。这些治疗只为进一步治疗打下基础。ABMT后复发率较高,故有人主张,在移植后对高危复发的患者不待复发就再给一些必要的放/化疗,如恶性淋巴瘤加局部放疗,急性白血病给一些小剂量化疗等。
二、 第二次移植
虽然第二次移植的疗效不如第一次,但仍是复发后的一种选择。IBMTR曾统计了114例
(ALL29例,AML46例,CML39例)第二次Allo-BMT的结果为2年LFS 21%。疗效与复发时间有关,在第1次移植后6个月之内复发者2年LFS仅7%,6个月以后复发者为28%。最近法国一个多中心合作研究总结了150例(AML61例,ALL47例,CML42例)第2次移植的疗效,移植前均采用预处理。结果:植活率93%;急性GVHD57%,慢性GVHD38%;复发36例;死亡91例,其中62例死于移植相关并发症。中数随访30月,5年DFS 30%±8%。移植时年龄<16岁,复发发生在1年之后,HLA相同的女性供者,移植后无急性GVHD,有慢性GVHD者疗效较好。
三、 免疫治疗
早在20世纪70年代就发现GVHD患者的白血病复发率较低。IBMTR统计2254例白血病患者BMT后GVHD与复发的关系:Allo-BMT后3年复发率在无GVHD,只有急性GVHD,只有慢性GVHD,急慢性GVHD都有者分别为25%±6%,22%±5%,10%±7%和7%±3%;Syn-BMT和去除T细胞的BMT分别为46%±15%和41%±8%。由此提出移植物有抗白血病(graft versus leukemia,GVL)作用。近年来许多学者从事GVL的研究,并取得了一些成绩。目前,利GVL防治移植后复发已成为治疗某些恶性病的重要手段。
(一)、停用预防GVHD的药诱发GVHD
在用免疫抑制剂药物预防GVHD过程中,如出现白血病复发及时停用此类药物,在诱发GVHD的同时可见到复发的白血病得到控制。最近Elmagacli等报告42例Allo-BMT复发的白血病用停用CSA的方法治疗。该治疗方法对复发的慢性期CML疗效最好,14例中11例取得染色体完全缓解,但对晚期病例疗效欠佳,患者多伴有Ⅱ度急性GVHD;13例AML中有2例CR,而5例ALL患者中只1例有暂时疗效。停用CSA对AML的疗效远不如CML,3年持续CR率只有10%,而对ALL和晚期CML无效。
(二)输供者淋巴细胞(DLI)
Kolb等在1990年报告,3例去除T细胞的Allo-BMT后复发的CML患者在输注原供者白细胞后获血液学及染色体水平上的完全缓解。这一过继免疫治疗方法立即引起学者们的广泛兴趣。综合欧洲(135例)、北美(140例)和日本(100例)3个协作组近年来共报告的375例移植后复发用DLI治疗的结果如下:慢性期CML的有效率73%-91%,晚期CML16-27%,AML的有效率15.4-38%;ALL的有效率0-25%;MDS 13-45%;2年以上持续CR率慢性期CML达81-89%,晚期CML为0,AML 7-13%,MDS 13-33%,ALL为0%。现一致认为,DLI对慢性期CML的疗效最好,尤其在分子水平及染色体水平复发的CML,DLI的疗效可达100%。急性白血病DLI的疗效较差,且少数患者即使近期有效,远期疗效也很差。DLI对MM的疗效介于CML和急性白血病之间,其远期疗效尚不清楚。
DLI的主要并发症为GVHD和全血细胞减少。Ⅱ-Ⅳ度急性GVHD的发生率15-60%,相关死亡率12%左右。输入T细胞数量与GVHD的发生直接相关。输入T细胞量1×107/kg时GVHD发生率为20%,而输入1×108/kg时GVHD发生率高达60%。各病种达CR所需DLI的量并不一致,CML输1×107/kg即可达CR,而MM需输10×107/kg才有效,急性白血病需量更大。有些作者选择性输T淋巴细胞亚群以期减少GVHD发生率。如有人报告选择性清除CD8+T细胞,使输入的淋巴细胞中CD8+细胞数不超过0.5×106/kg,在10例CML中只有3例发生GVHD。也有人只输CD4+淋巴细胞。Alyea等报告40例CML患者Allo-BMT后复发,输CD4+细胞0.3×108/kg至1.5×108/kg,结果0.3×108/kg组有效71%,≥1×108/kg组有效率100%。但晚期CML 5例均无效。慢性期CML总有效率为79%。DLI 1年后其中达染色体缓解87%,分子学水平缓解78%。自DLI至染色体缓解所需中数时间为13周(9-30周),至分子学水平缓解需34周(10-56周)。MM的有效率为83%,自DLI至出现疗效所需时间为26周(15-62周)。GVHD发生率32%,所有发生GVHD的患者均有效,但有些患者没有发生GVHD也有效。
DLI后全血细胞减少发生率与DLI时病情有关,自19%至50%以上。发生的中数时间为12周(7-62周)。DLI时体内已无供者造血细胞时发生率高且严重,体内尚存有供者造血细胞者即使量较少,也能逐渐恢复。少数严重的全血细胞减少可输供者经造血刺激因子动员的周血。
为预防移植后复发,在非清髓性预处理后要加输供者淋巴细胞。去T细胞的Allo-BMT的复发率高,故有人主张在移植45天后再把原供者的T淋巴细胞输给受者,这种治疗的远期效果还有待积累资料。
(三)诱导自体GVHD
鉴于ABMT后的高复发率与缺乏GVL有关,在动物实验基础上,Santos等用CSA(1mg/kg/日,移植后1-28天)诱导自体GVHD。170例ABMT后经诱导70%出现Ⅰ-Ⅱ度皮肤GVHD,同时血中出现针对MHCⅡ类抗原的溶细胞性T细胞,后者不仅能溶解移植前的淋巴细胞,且对某些有MHCⅡ类抗原表达的瘤细胞株有溶解作用。IFNγ有上调MHCⅡ类抗原表达的作用,与CSA合用可加重皮肤GVHD。作者治疗的结果表明自体GVHD可降低高恶度NHL的复发率。有人报告,ABMT后用IL-2也可使85%的患者出现皮肤GVHD。由于缺乏前瞻性对比研究,这种短暂的自限性皮肤GVHD的抗瘤作用,目前难以肯定。
(四)其他
由于IL-2能显著增加NK和LAK细胞,而这2种细胞具有抗瘤作用,故有些学者致力于研究IL-2的免疫治疗作用,如移植经IL-2激活的自体骨髓或在移植后用IL-2促进免疫抗瘤作用。西雅图移植中心的资料显示,ABMT后用IL-2诱导治疗5天,最大耐受剂量为3.0×106u/㎡/日。常见的毒副反应有发热、恶心、腹泻、皮疹等。剂量限制性毒性为低血压和血小板减少。诱导治疗后休息6天,然后用10天维持治疗(0.3×106u/㎡/日)。IL-2治疗后血中CD16+和CD56+细胞增加,这些细胞对K562和Dandi细胞的溶解作用增强。有14例复发或更晚期的AML在ABMT后用IL-2±LAK细胞做巩固治疗,DFS达71%,复发率23%。Soiffer等给29例去T细胞的Allo-BMT患者用小剂量IL-2(2-6×105u/㎡/日)治疗3个月只有4例不能耐受而停药。小剂量IL-2无促进急性GVHD的作用,血中NK细胞增加10倍。25例用IL-2≥1个月者中只有6例复发,19例无病生存。作者认为,长期小剂量IL-2有改善DFS的作用。但德国学者未能证实这一点,他们用小剂量IL-2加IFNγ治疗ABMT后儿童高危急性白血病,虽有NK细胞的显著增加,却未能改善此类患儿的DFS。其他有调节免疫功能的淋巴因子也被陆续试用于临床。
可以肯定,今后在复发的防治方面,免疫治疗将日益受到重视。
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