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有读书笔记Dynamometric Observations among Various Peoples

唐唐 添加于 2011-6-24 02:39 | 2773 次阅读 | 0 个评论
  •  作 者

    Kate HFCT
  •  摘 要

    Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the evolution of inaccurate mimicry. Here we investigated the novel hypothesis that inaccurate mimicry (in color and shape) is maintained by opposing selective pressures from a suite of different predators: model-aversive visually oriented predators and model- and mimic-specialized predators indifferent to mimetic cues. We hypothesize that spiders resembling ants in color and shape escape predators that typically avoid ants but fall prey to ant-eating predators. We tested whether inaccurate myrmecomorphic spiders are perceived as their models by two types of predators and whether they can escape from these predators. We found that model-specialized (ant-eating) predators captured mimics significantly less frequently than their ant models, because mimics changed their behavior by fleeing predatory attacks. The fastest escape was found in less accurate mimics, indicating a negative association between visual resemblance and effectiveness of defenses. In trials with spider-eating predators, mimics were not captured more frequently than their models. The quality of defensive mechanisms appears to result from opposing selection forces exerted by the predator complex: mimics are more accurate (in color and shape) in microhabitats dominated by model-aversive predators and less accurate in microhabitats with model- and mimic-specialized predators.
  •  详细资料

    • 文献种类: Journal Article
    • 期刊名称: American Anthropologist
    • 期卷页: 1916  18 1 10
    • 出版社: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association
    • ISBN: 0002-7294
  • 学科领域 农业科学 » 畜牧兽医科学

  • 相关链接  URL 

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    研究发现生物伪装有时粗糙点更好
    为了防止被天敌吃掉,许多动物都会拟态,即伪装成不好吃或不能吃的东西。乍看上去应该是伪装技术越高明越好,但科学家最近发现,完美伪装并不总是最好的,有时候粗糙一点更加有利。
     
    此前人们认为,伪装越好欺骗性就越强,在自然选择的压力下,有明显缺陷的伪装会被淘汰。但实际上,自然界里存在不少粗劣伪装的实例,这一现象令人困惑。捷克马萨里克大学的蜘蛛学家斯塔诺·佩卡日通过对蜘蛛和蚂蚁的研究,对此提出了新解释。
     
    佩卡日的小组研究了三种欧洲蜘蛛,它们为了避免被吃掉,会分别把自己伪装成一种蚂蚁,体型和颜色上与蚂蚁相似,跟着蚂蚁走路,甚至举起两条前腿假装触角。不过,这三种蜘蛛的伪装效果还是有区别,有一种更像些,另外两种的伪装则比较粗劣。
     
    佩卡日说,大部分动物不喜欢吃蚂蚁,因为它们味道不好,如果遭到蚁群的进攻也很麻烦。但也有例外,有些动物喜欢吃蚂蚁,如果碰上这样的天敌,装蚂蚁装得太像不是一件好事。
     
    研究小组在实验中发现,尽管三种蜘蛛的伪装能力不同,但在面对讨厌吃蚂蚁、喜欢吃蜘蛛的捕食者时,欺骗效果都还是很不错的。有两种非常擅长捕食其他蜘蛛的蜘蛛,在捕食这些伪装成蚂蚁的蜘蛛时,平均成功率不足五分之一。
     
    更重要的是,就像研究人员预测的那样,在碰到喜欢吃蚂蚁的蜘蛛时,伪装得最像蚂蚁的那一种蜘蛛下场最惨。它们差不多有一半被吃掉,这一比例比另两种蚂蚁多出5倍。研究论文发表在7月号的《美国博物学家》杂志上。
     
    佩卡日认为,伪装的精确度取决于环境中捕食者的构成。完美伪装是针对一类捕食者的,它们不 喜欢吃伪装者模仿的对象。如果环境中还存在其他类型的捕食者,比如喜欢吃伪装者模仿的对象,伪装者在进化过程中就会逐渐放弃部分伪装效果,进化出其他特 性,比如更强的逃跑能力等。(来源:新华社 王艳红)
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